Vaccination trends in people with HIV infection participanting in the hospital-based survey of patients infected with HIV, 2006-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the trend in hepatitis A, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, tetanus and seasonal influenza vaccination in people with HIV infection and to analyse associated factors. METHODS: The Hospital Survey of Patients with HIV, an annual cross-sectional study conducted on a fixed day (2006-2021), was used. Inpatients and outpatients were included. Trends in vaccination and associated factors were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 8643 participants were included. Vaccination rates increased to 65.3% for hepatitis A, 83.7% for hepatitis B, 49.3% for tetanus, 68.9% for pneumococcal and 74.5% for seasonal influenza in 2021. Factors positively associated with vaccination were older age for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination; higher educational level for hepatitis A and tetanus; living in a closed institutions or prison for tetanus, pneumococcal and influenza; and having acquired HIV through sex between men for hepatitis A, B and pneumococcal. In addition, being on antiretroviral treatment and having a high CD4 count were positively associated with vaccination for all these diseases. Factors inversely associated with vaccination were being older (hepatitis A, B and tetanus), being an immigrant (tetanus and seasonal influenza) and being an injection drug user/ex-user for hepatitis A and B. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination in people with HIV has increased in the study period. The results are in line with the recommendations in this population, although there is still room to reach the established vaccination indicators.

Self-rated health among people living with HIV in Spain in 2019: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection has become a chronic disease and well-being of people living with HIV (PLHIV) is now of particular concern. The objectives of this paper were to describe self-rated health among PLHIV, on ART and on ART virally suppressed and to analyse its determinants. METHODS: Data were obtained from a second-generation surveillance system based on a cross-sectional one-day survey in public hospitals. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected among HIV-infected inpatients and outpatients receiving HIV-related care the day of the survey in 86 hospitals in 2019. Self-rated health was measured using a question included in the National Health Survey: "In the last 12 months, how would you rate your health status?" an ordinal variable with five categories (very good, good, moderate, bad and very bad). For the analysis, these responses were dichotomized into two categories: 1 = very good/good and 0 = moderate, bad or very bad health status. Factors associated with very good/good self-rated health were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 800 PLHIV, 67.5% perceived their health as very good/good, 68.4% among PLHIV on ART and 71.7% of those virally suppressed. Having university education (adjusted odds ratio (aOR):2.1), being unemployed (aOR:0.3) or retired (aOR:0.2), ever being diagnosed of AIDS (aOR:0.6), comorbidities (aOR:0.3), less than 2 year since HIV diagnosis (aOR:0.3) and not receiving ART (aOR:0.3) were associated with good self-rated health. Moreover, among PLHIV on ART, viral load less than 200 copies (aOR:3.2) were related to better perceived health. Bad adherence was inversely associated with good self-rated health among PLHIV on ART (aOR:0.5) and of those virally suppressed (aOR:0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly seven in 10 PLHIV in Spain considered their health status as very good/good, being higher among virally suppressed PLHIV. Both demographic and clinical determinants affect quality of life.

Determinantes de la asistencia irregular a consulta médica en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: resultados de la Encuesta Hospitalaria de pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, 2002-2012 / Factors determining irregular attendance to follow-up visits among human immunodeficiency virus patients: Results of the hospital survey of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

INTRODUCCIÓN: Describir la frecuencia de la asistencia irregular a consulta médica de pacientes con VIH y analizar sus determinantes. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado anualmente (2002-2012) en un día prefijado. Se recogen datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y conductuales de los pacientes con VIH (hospitalizados y ambulatorios) atendidos ese día en los hospitales públicos participantes. Se definió «asistencia irregular a consulta» como asistencia a consulta de forma esporádica, según la valoración del médico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, bivariante y multivariante de regresión logística para estimar los factores asociados a asistencia irregular a la consulta. RESULTADOS: En total se incluyeron 7.304 pacientes de los que el 13,7% acudían irregularmente a la consulta. La probabilidad de asistencia irregular aumentó en pacientes entre 25 y 49 años, subsaharianos o latinoamericanos, con menor nivel de estudios, aquellos sin domicilio fijo o que estaban en prisión, los que vivían solos o en establecimientos colectivos, los desempleados o jubilados, los que se infectaron por compartir material de inyección, los que no usaron condón en su última relación sexual y los inyectores activos. Por el contrario, los pacientes diagnosticados hacía menos de un año y los hombres homo/bisexuales tenían menor probabilidad de acudir irregularmente. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de la universalidad de nuestro sistema de salud existen variables sociales y demográficas que actúan como barreras para la asistencia a consulta, lo que puede comprometer la efectividad del tratamiento en determinados grupos de población. Estos determinantes deberían tenerse en cuenta a la hora de planificar políticas de control de la infección por el VIH

INTRODUCTION: To describe the occurrence of non-regular attendance to follow-up visits among HIV patients and to analyze the determining factors. METHODS: One-day survey carried out annually (2002-2012) in public hospitals. Epidemiological, clinical and behavioral data are collected in all HIV-infected inpatients and outpatients receiving HIV-related care on the day of the survey. «Non-regular attendance to a follow-up visit» was defined as sporadic attendance to the medical appointments, according to the judgment of the attending physician. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, and factors associated to non-regular attendance to follow-up visits were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 7,304 subjects were included, of whom 13.7% did not attend medical appointments regularly. Factors directly associated with non-regular attendance were: age between 25-49 years; birth in Sub-Saharan Africa or Latin-America; low educational level; being homeless or in prison; living alone or in closed institutions; being unemployed or retired; being an intravenous drug user; not using a condom at last sexual encounter, and injecting drugs in the last 30 days. Conversely, HIV diagnosis within the last year and being men who have sex with men were factors inversely associated with non-regular attendance to follow-up visits. CONCLUSION: In spite of health care beings free of charge for everyone in Spain, social factors can act as barriers to regular attendance to medical appointments, which, in turn, can endanger treatment effectiveness in some population groups. This should be taken into account when planning HIV policies in Spain

[Factors determining irregular attendance to follow-up visits among human immunodeficiency virus patients: results of the hospital survey of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus]. / Determinantes de la asistencia irregular a consulta médica en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: resultados de la Encuesta Hospitalaria de pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, 2002-2012.

INTRODUCTION: To describe the occurrence of non-regular attendance to follow-up visits among HIV patients and to analyze the determining factors. METHODS: One-day survey carried out annually (2002-2012) in public hospitals. Epidemiological, clinical and behavioral data are collected in all HIV-infected inpatients and outpatients receiving HIV-related care on the day of the survey. "Non-regular attendance to a follow-up visit" was defined as sporadic attendance to the medical appointments, according to the judgment of the attending physician. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, and factors associated to non-regular attendance to follow-up visits were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 7,304 subjects were included, of whom 13.7% did not attend medical appointments regularly. Factors directly associated with non-regular attendance were: age between 25-49 years; birth in Sub-Saharan Africa or Latin-America; low educational level; being homeless or in prison; living alone or in closed institutions; being unemployed or retired; being an intravenous drug user; not using a condom at last sexual encounter, and injecting drugs in the last 30 days. Conversely, HIV diagnosis within the last year and being men who have sex with men were factors inversely associated with non-regular attendance to follow-up visits. CONCLUSION: In spite of health care beings free of charge for everyone in Spain, social factors can act as barriers to regular attendance to medical appointments, which, in turn, can endanger treatment effectiveness in some population groups. This should be taken into account when planning HIV policies in Spain.

Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal disease among children attending a day-care center.

BACKGROUND: Most cases of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease arise sporadically in the community, but outbreaks of severe invasive GAS infections have been reported in closed environments, such as military populations, family communities and hospitals. An outbreak of invasive GAS disease involving 3 cases of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS), one with a fatal course, occurred among children attending a day-care center located in Cantabria, Northern Spain. OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of GAS isolates obtained from the outbreak environment. METHODS: GAS isolates obtained from children attending the same day-care facility, staff members, and family contacts were assayed for emm typing, pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and toxin-gene content. One isolate obtained from the fatal case was also characterized by multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. Strains from patients unrelated to the outbreak were included for comparison. RESULTS: All GAS isolates from children attending the day-care center, including those from streptococcal TSS cases, shared the same emm type 4, genomic pattern by PFGE (A) and toxin-gene profile. Neither the emm type nor the PFGE pattern or toxin gene profile of the outbreak-associated strains were encountered among GAS isolated from household or staff contacts. CONCLUSIONS: A clone of GAS belonging to emm type 4 and characterized by a specific PFGE pattern and toxin-gene profile was responsible for a community outbreak of streptococcal TSS disease in a child day-care center in Spain. This is the first day-care outbreak reported in our country.

[Meningococcus B serosubtypes causing invasive disease in Cantabria [Spain] and agreement with the Cuban vaccine strain]. / Serosubtipos de meningococo B causantes de enfermedad invasiva en Cantabria y concordancia con la cepa de la vacuna cubana.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the serosubtypes of meningococcus B causing invasive disease in Cantabria and the percentage of agreement with the Cuban vaccine strain, VA-MENGOC-BC. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all cases of invasive disease due to meningococcus B declared through the Diseases of Mandatory Reporting System between 1st January 1998 and 28th February 2003. The bacteriological isolates of the "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, and the serosubtyping performed in the Majadahonda reference laboratory (Madrid, Spain) were also analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 117 declared cases, serosubtype was identified in 79 (67.5%). The agreement with the Cuban vaccine strain was 67%, 71% and 76% in the age groups of newborn to 19 years, 18 months to 19 years, and 4 to 19 years, respectively. When strains with cross-protection were included, these percentages increased to 83%, 83% and 84%, respectively, in the same age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of agreement between the Cuban vaccine strain and heterologous strains with cross-protection was high. Therefore, this vaccine could be useful in Cantabria.

Serosubtipos de meningococo B causantes de enfermedad invasiva en Cantabria y concordancia con la cepa de la vacuna cubana / Meningococcus B serosubtypes causing invasive disease in Cantabria [Spain] and agreement with the Cuban vaccine strain

Objetivo: Conocer los serosubtipos de meningococo B causantes de enfermedad invasiva en Cantabria y el porcentaje de concordancia con la cepa de la vacuna cubana VA-MengocBC. Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de todos los casos de enfermedad invasiva por meningococo B declarados a través del sistema de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO) entre el 1 de enero de 1998 y el 28 de febrero de 2003, los aislamientos bacteriológicos del Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla y la serosubtipificación hecha en el laboratorio de referencia de Majadahonda. Resultados: De los 117 casos declarados, se identificó el serosubtipo de 79 (67,5 por ciento). La coincidencia con la cepa vacunal cubana fue del 67, el 71 y el 76 por ciento en los grupos de edad de 0 a 19 años, 18 meses a 19 años, y de 4 a 19 años, respectivamente. Incluyendo las cepas con protección cruzada, estos porcentajes se elevan al 83, el 83 y el 84 por ciento, respectivamente, en los mismos grupos de edad. Conclusiones: El porcentaje de coincidencia con la cepa vacunal cubana y con las cepas heterólogas con protección cruzada es alto, por lo que esta vacuna podría ser de utilidad para la situación epidemiológica de Cantabria (AU)